王义桅：以中国智慧解决能源短缺与转型问题（中英文）

Wang Yiwei: China wisdom applied to solve energy shortage and transition problem文 王义桅王义桅中国人民大学国际关系学院教授，欧洲“让-莫内”讲席教授，《一带一路报道》特聘专家。　　面临“一带一路”倡议，由于不相识或者误解，海内外泛起了一些差别的声音，作者实时地、有针对性地、系统地回应了对“一带一路”倡议的质疑之声，厘清种种似是而非的言论及有意无意的误解，资助读者走进“一带一路”，走出认知误区。

“一带一路”，就是给世界点灯！The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is to light the world.笔者小时候在农村长大，没有电，通常以凿壁偷光的故事激励自己好勤学习；初中搬到县城，终于用上了电，但常断电，因此盼望灼烁。I grew up in a village where there was no access to electricity, so I often motivated myself to study as diligently as an ancient figure--Kuang Heng, who is said to bore a hole on the wall to make use of the neighbor’s light to study. When I was at middle school, our family moved to a county, and we finally got access to electricity. However, there was often blackout, so we have longed for electricity.今天，中国基本实现了村村通电，户户通水。世界上却另有十一亿人没有用上电，非洲就有五亿，印度有三亿，巴基斯坦最大都会卡拉奇由于缺电每年平均热死上千人！Today, in China, basically every household can get access to electricity and tap water. However, there are still 1.1 billion people in the world cannot. In Africa, there are 300 million, and in India, 500 million. In Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city, heat kills an average of thousands of people a year due to a shortage of electricity.为何21世纪的人类仍然遭受能源短缺问题困扰？究其泉源主要有三个方面：Why do people living in the 21st century still have to suffer from energy shortages? The root causes mainly lie in three aspects:一是世界能源漫衍极不平衡：水能主要集中在中国西南、俄罗斯、东南亚；风能主要集中在中国“三北”、蒙古国、中亚及俄罗斯北部沿海等地域；太阳能主要集中在西亚、中国青藏高原等地域。

中国探索出特高压输电技术（UHV），将青海的光伏电经由2000千米输送到上海，通过新疆的750千伏输电网络，将中亚地域的电输送到南亚，这就是中国的超级工程。First, energy distribution is extremely uneven across the world. Hydropower is mainly concentrated in southwest China, Russia and Southeast Asia; wind power in northeast, north and northwest China, Mongolia, Central Asia and the northern coast of Russia; solar power in Western Asia and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. China has developed ultra-high voltage (UHV) power transmission technology to deliver photovoltaic power from Qinghai in the northwest over 2,000 kilometers to Shanghai in the eastern coast. And the electricity in Central Asia is delivered to South Asia through the 750-kV transmission network in Xinjiang. This is China’s mega project.中企外洋投资建设的最大单机火电机组——印尼爪哇7号燃煤发电工程投产（图 新华社）二是缺乏技术，没有实现工业化。尼泊尔能源部部长曾讲过，尼泊尔位于喜马拉雅山脚下，水资源极其富厚，怎么会缺电？简直是捧着金碗讨饭吃。原来是缺乏水电站。

葛洲坝团体投资水电站项目后，正在实现能源自给。类似的情形还泛起在非洲，撒哈拉日照充实却仍然缺电，拉美水量充沛却缺电……中国能源企业已往投资，有水的地方“发水”（水电），有光的地方“发光”（光伏），有风的地方“发风”（风能），彻底解决能源短缺问题，同时淘汰碳排放。Second, the lack of technology and industrialization still exits. As Nepal’s Energy Minister once said, Nepal is located at the foot of the Himalayas and thus has abundant water resources. How can it lack electricity? It’s just like begging with a golden bowl. The cause lies in a lack of hydropower stations. After the Gezhou Group invested hydro-power projects, energy self-sufficiency is being achieved. Likewise, Sub-Saharan Africa has plenty of sunshine but little electricity. Latin America has plenty of water but little electricity. Thus, Chinese energy enterprises have invested in hydropower where there is water, photovoltaic where there is solar energy and wind power where there is wind energy, so as to completely address the problem of energy shortage and bring down carbon emissions. 三是能源使用效率很低。华为公司在突尼斯、国家电网在塞尔维亚搞智能电网，极大提升了能源使用效率。

Third, energy use efficiency is very low. Huawei launched smart grids in Tunisia and State Grid in Serbia, which greatly enhanced local energy efficiency.喀麦隆水资源和能源部长出席中喀企业协作完成的曼维莱水电站新建暂时输电线路启用仪式（图 新华社）“一带一路”倡议是中国与世界分享生长履历，推行全球治理的互助倡议，让占世界人口80%的生长中国家不再走先污染、后治理的老路。有此作为彰显了中国雄厚的技术实力，中国练就了世界上最具竞争力的绿色低碳技术和可连续生长模式，彰显了统筹协调、标本兼治的智慧。体制上统筹协调，文化上标本兼治，综合施策，中国实现了“西电东送、北电南供、水火互济、风景互补、跨国互联”的电力生长格式。

习近平主席2015年在团结国总部提出的全球能源互联网计划（GEI）——通过“智能电网+特高压电网+清洁能源”三位一体，实现全球能源互通有无，彻底解决人类能源短缺和转型问题，实现既要发电，又要淘汰碳排放。这是“一带一路”建设历程中通过中国智慧解决人类问题的很好个案。The BRI is a cooperative initiative proposed by China to share development experience with the rest of the world and promote global governance, so that developing countries, accounting for 80% of the world’s population, will no longer follow the old path of polluting first and treating later. These achievements demonstrate China’s strong technical strength. China has developed the most competitive green and low-carbon technologies and sustainable development model in the world. This demonstrates its wisdom of coordinating efforts and addressing both symptoms and root causes. By making overall system coordination and taking a comprehensive approach to address both the symptoms and root causes of cultural problems, China has developed the power development pattern featuring west-to-east and south-to-north power transmission, hydropower-thermal power and wind power-photovoltaic power complementarity, as well as transnational interconnection. The Global Energy Internet (GEI), proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping at the UN Headquarters in 2015, aiming to realize global energy exchange through the integration of “smart grid + UHV grid + clean energy”, so as to completely tackle the problem of energy shortage and transition, and realize both power generation and carbon emission reduction. This is a good case of applying the BRI to solve human problems through Chinese wisdom.中国电建投资建设的老挝南欧江二级电站（图 电力网）事实上，中国正成为全球气候变化议程的引领者。

2019年8月16日，政治家网评论文章认为，中国已经成为全球太阳能和风力发电技术最大投资方，缔造了比煤矿更多的就业岗位，在化石能源转型方面迈出比预期更快更大的程序，正在填补美国在气候变化领域留出的向导权空缺。清洁能源投资不仅是为改善空气质量，更关乎未来经济竞争力。中国不光让世界看到了其引领清洁能源革命的潜力，也已经决议这样做了。

In fact, China is leading the global climate change agenda. On August 16, 2019, a commentary published on politician.com.cn said that China has become the largest investor in the global solar and wind power technology, created more jobs in this field than in coal mine, made faster and bigger strides than expected in transforming fossil fuels, and is filling a leadership gap left by the United States on climate change. Investments in clean energy are not just about improving air quality, but vital to future economic competitiveness. Not only has China shown the world its potential to lead a clean energy revolution, it also has decided to do so.中国拥有全球最多的可再生能源产能，由于其投资驱动，全球太阳能和风力发电技术成本在已往十年降低了3/4。现在全球近半电动交通工具、近半充电基础设施、99%电动巴士都在中国。中国用5年时间推动全球电动汽车电池用度降低了2/3，这不仅有助于提高中国的经济竞争力，也切合新技术和世界未来生长的偏向。

China has the world’s largest renewable energy capacity, and the cost of solar and wind power technologies has plunged by three-quarters in the past decade, driven by investments. Currently, nearly half of the world’s electric vehicles, nearly half of the charging infrastructure, 99% of the electric buses are in China. China has helped cut global battery costs for electric cars by two-thirds in five years. This not only improves China’s economic competitiveness, but also is in line with the development direction of new technologies and the world in the future.中国电建承建的阿尔及利亚233MW光伏项目（图 中国电力报）共建“一带一路”是中国与其他国家分享现代化履历的历程，制止一些生长中国家走老路、走弯路。中国的市场化能力超强，西方的先进技术、高尺度全球化通过中国的转换器，能更好地适应世界各国国情，更好地完成市场化。

因此，只要不带偏见、不出于私心的蓬勃国家，都是接待“一带一路”倡议的。日本庞大企业团随安倍访华，与中国互助开发“一带一路”市场，就是典型写照。Jointly building the BRI is a way for China to share its experience of modernization with other countries, aiming to help some developing countries avoid from following the old path and making detours. China has a strong marketization capability. Hence, western advanced technology and high-standard globalization can better adapt to indigenous conditions of other countries and complete marketization with China serving as a converter in the process. Therefore, as long as the developed countries are not biased and selfish, they will welcome the BRI. That a large group of Japanese companies accompanied Abe on his visit to China and joined hands with China to develop the markets along the Belt and Road is a typical portrayal of this.构建全球能源互联网，总体分为海内互联、洲内互联、洲际互联三个阶段，力争在21世纪中期基本建成。届时，全球清洁能源比重可提高到80%以上；全球CO2排放可控制在115亿吨左右，仅为1990年排放量的一半，可实现全球温控在2℃以内的目的；逐步形成电能主导、清洁生长的能源格式。

世界将成为一个能源富足、天蓝地绿、亮亮堂堂、宁静和谐的“地球村”。Building GEI can be divided into three stages: domestic interconnection, intra-continental interconnection and inter-continental interconnection, and will be basically completed by the middle of the 21st century. By then, the proportion of clean energy in the world could rise to more than 80%; global carbon dioxide emissions can be controlled at 11.5 billion tons, only half of that in 1990, so that the target of keeping the global temperature rise within 2°C can be achieved; a clean energy pattern dominated by electric energy will gradually take shape. The world will become a bright, peaceful and harmonious “global village” with abundant energy and sound ecological environment.泉源：《一带一路报道》2020年第5期更多精彩详见《一带一路报道（中英文）》↓↓↓海内统一一连出书物号：CN 51-1788/F国际尺度一连出书物号：ISSN 2096-2886邮发代号：62-625联系电话：（028）85471528 86529118邮箱：thebeltandroadrpt@163.com声明：1.凡泉源为“一带一路报道”的作品，版权属于“一带一路报道”杂志社，任何第三方转载均应注明“泉源：一带一路报道”；2.转载其他媒体作品的目的在于通报更多信息，并不代表本刊赞同其看法或对其真实性卖力。

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